NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY

KD 9 : BIOGRAPHY

Genre Connection
Biography is a subgenre of narrative nonfiction/historical nonfiction. Sometimes it is also called biographical recount. Biography presents the facts about an individual's life and makes an attempt to interpret those facts, explaining the person's feelings and motivations.


Reading Activity

                                     L i f e a n d T i m e s o f Ki Hajar Dewantara
                                           (Raden Mas Suwardi Suryaningrat)

       The development of good character should be the heart and soul of education, and should dominate the spirit of teaching. This was the philosophy of the “Father of Education” in Indonesia, Ki Hajar Dewantara. The reason, he said, was that teaching and character building are like two sides of a coin and cannot, and should not be separated.
        Education, by definition, means guiding student lives in a strong foundation of good character, so that they would be civilized humans of highest moral fibre, thus laying the foundation of a great nation without distinction of religion, ethnicity, customs, economic and social status.
        Ki Hajar Dewantara was born in the royal family of Yogyakarta on 2 May 1889. His given name was Raden Mas Suwardi Suryaningrat which he later changed to renounce his connections with the royal family. He transformed himself into an activist, columnist, politician and pioneer of education for Indonesians. He fought for rights of Indonesians during Dutch and Japanese colonial eras (www.tokoindonesia.com).
        He was born into an aristocratic family that granted him the privilege of free access to education of his choice. He got his primary education from ELS (Europeesche Lagere School), then he continued his education at Stovia (Java Medical School) but due to health reasons he couldn't finish it. He started writing for newspapers and eventually all his writings were focused on Indonesian
patriotism, thus anti Dutch. He was involved in the early activities of Budi Utomo and the Indiesche Party, which were both important in the early development of the pergerakan, the “movement” that grew up with a nascent Indonesian national political consciousness (www.indonotes.wordpress.com).
       He was exiled between 1913 and 1919 following the publication of two of his articles: “Als ik eens Nederlander” (If I was a Dutchman) and “Eén voor allen en allen voor één” (One for all and all for one). He used his time in exile to learn more a b o u t e d u c a t i o n a n d o b t a i n e d a E u r o p e e s c h e c e r t i f i c a t e (www.tokoindonesia.com).
        Following his return, he focused more on cultural and educational efforts paving way to develop educational concepts in Indonesia. He believed that education is very important and the most important means of freeing Indonesians from clutches of colonization. He played a leading role in establishing “National Onderwijs Institut Taman Siswa” in 1922. This institution was established to
educate native Indonesians during colonial times. This institution was based onthese principles:
1. Ing Ngarsa Sung Tuladha (the one in front sets example).
2. Ing Madya Mangun Karsa (the one in the middle builds the spirit and encouragement).
3. Tut Wuri Handayani (the one at the back gives support) (indonotes.wordpress.com).
        As Ki Hajar believed that character was not merely a theoretical concept, but a practical and living concept, he embodied his vision in his school, Taman Siswa. The central goals of Taman Siswa emphasized character building, including traits such as patriotism and love for the nation, and a sense of national identity. His vision was that Indonesians would be free from colonial powers, to fight for
independence and have good character. He continued writing but his writings took a turn from politics to education. These writings later laid foundation of Indonesian education. Froebel, Montessori and Tagore influenced his educational principles and in Taman Siswa he drew some inspiration from Tagore's Shantiniketan (asrirahayudamai.wordpress.com).
        After independence, he was given the office of Minister of Education and Culture. For his efforts in pioneering education for the masses, he was officially declared Father of Indonesian Education and his birthday is celebrated as National Education Day. His portrait was on 20,000 rupiah note till 2002. He was officially confirmed as a National Hero of Indonesia by the 2 President of Indonesia on 28 November 1959 (Tokohindonesia.com).
         Ki Hajar Dewantara passed away on 26th April 1952 at the age of 69 years. His wife donated all Ki Hajar's belongings to Dewantara Kirti Griya Museum, Yogyakarta. He was a great man who spent his whole life serving his people and country.

A. Answer these questions based on the text above

1.What is the philosophy of Ki Hajar Dewantara?

2.What can’t be separated according to him?

3.What was his former name?

4.Did he get the best education when he was young? Why?

5.Where was he involved in political movement?

6.How long was he exiled?

7.What is the most important means of freeing Indonesians from clutches of colonization?

8.What does ‘ Ing Madya Mangun Karso’ mean?

9.What did he think about teaching character?

10.Why was he declared father of Indonesian Education?

11.Who declared him as a National Hero of Indonesia

12.Where can we see all Ki Hajar Dewantara’s belongings?

 B. Fill in the blanks with words given below:

     - emphasize     - renounce      - developed      - distinction      - nascent
     -civilize           - dominate      -  philosophy   - pioneer           - embody

     1.  Ki Hajar ____________________ his aristocratic title to get more close to people.

     2. The educational ____________________ of Taman Siswa is deeply rooted in principles of Ki

          Hajar Dewantara.

     3. Project based learning ____________________ on active learning.

     4. My mother believes that we always have to behave in a ____________________ manner.

     5. My brother has ____________________ a strong liking for Lampung coffee.

     6. Mary ____________________ the stage throughout the play. She has a strong personality.

     7. Our batch is the ____________________ of Project based learning in our school.

     8. My sister’s _________ acting career as of yet has only a fiew short ad films to show for.     

     9. She has ____________________ all the revolutionary ideas. 

  10. There should not be any ____________________ between humans. All are created by God.

    

(Bhs. Inggris SMA/MA SMK/MAK kelas XI semester 2)

Common Characteristics of Biography

A biography:

    - is not written by the subject

    - is always written in third person.

    - is based on research not on imagination.

    - describes the person's surroundings (where, when and how the person lived).

    - shows how the person affected other people's life through their behavior, discoveries, social
      reform etc.

    - provides examples that demonstrate the person's behavior, their accomplishments, goal, etc.

    - supplies details that illustrate the person's individuality.

    - uses vivid language to narrate events (Rosinsky, 2008).

 Format of a Biography

 A biography is a form of recount, so the structure resembles a recount structure:
- Introduction
- Important events in chronological order and interpretation
- Closing remarks

Elements:
- Setting time and place (where the person's life events took place and when it took place)
- Factual information about the person (the information has to be real, not fabricated)

C. Let's Practice

     Read the information given below and write a short biography about the heroes of Indonesia
     based on the information given below.
     Choose one of them !

  1.   Name                               : Cut Nyak Dhien or Tjoet Nja' Dhien 

        Date and place of birth    : 1848/ Lampadang, Aceh

        Father's name                  : Teuku Nanta Setia

        Spouse                            : Teuku Cek Ibrahim Lamnga

        Children                          : Cut Gambang

         Accomplishments           : National Hero

                                                   Leader of guerrilla forcesduring Aceh war

         Date and place of death : 6th November 1908 / Sumedang, West Java
. 
  2.  Name                                :  Raden Ajeng Kartini
       Date and place of birth     :  21st April 1879/ Jepara, central Java, Dutch East Indies
       Mother's name                  :  Ngasirah
       Father's name                   :  Sosroningrat
       Siblings                            :  7
       Spouse                              :  Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat
       Children                           :  One son
       Accomplishments            :   National Hero

                                                    Women's emancipation

                                                    Established school for women

      Date and place of death    :  17th  September 1904/Rembang, Central Java, Dutch East Indies

3. Name                                 : Ir. Soekarno
    Date and place of birth      : 6th June 1901 in Lawang Seketeng Surabaya
    Mother's name                   : Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai Sarimben
    Father's name                    : Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo
    Important years                 : 1. 1926 : graduated form THS (now ITB) Bandung
                                                2. 1927 : founded Partai National Indonesia (PNI)
                                                3. 1933 : arrested by the Dutch in Sukamiskin Bandung for 4 months 
                                                4. 1934 : exiled to Ende for 4 years
                                                5. 1945 : - got married with Fatmawati
                                                               - selected PPKI chairman
                                                               - kidnapped by the youths to announce the Indonesian                                                                  Independence with Bung Hatta
                                                               - appinted the 1st President of Indonesia
   Date and place of death    : 21st of June 1970 in Gatot Subroto Hospital Jakarta

 4. Name                              : Wage Rudolf Soepratman
     Date and place of birth : 19th of March 1903 in Purworejo
     Musical talent background :
     - 1014 moved to Makasar, had music lesson (played violin) from his brother in-law, Willen van Eldijk
     - moved to  Bandung to be a journalist at Kaoem Moeda newspaper and wrote a book "Perawan Desa" which was forbidden to be circulated
     - moved to Jakarta, composed Indonesia Raya because of being challenged by the  "Timbul" magazine in 1924
    - 1928: Indonesia Raya was first played in the Youth Congress
    - He was arrested by the Dutch because of his song Indonsia Raya
   - 17th August 1938 he passed away due to his sickness    
                                

 Note: Send all your assignments to my e-mail: yatidjoko@gmail.com